Have an idea for what phenomenon you are trying to explain. These initial questions will help guide your first steps in recruiting and data analysis but know that the questions may evolve as you observe and learn more from the data you collect. With grounded theory, recruiting participants is iterative. Instead of pre-determining a specified recruiting criteria ahead of time, you will practice what is called theoretical sampling.
With theoretical sampling, you start with recruiting a small group of participants loosely based on your initial research questions. Once you have some data, such as recordings from in depth interviews, prepare that data for analysis by turning them into transcripts.
After you do some initial analysis of that data, which we detail in the following steps, you use what you learned from that analysis to determine who to recruit next. Read more about how to do theoretical sampling here. Open coding is when you take your transcripts, and break it into individual excerpts. Then, take the excerpts and continuously compare and contrast them with other excerpts This act of comparison is part of a core grounded theory method called constant comparative method , which you will use throughout various phases of your analysis.
Compare similar excerpts that occur between different people. You should take that excerpt and compare that to other people who also experienced trouble sleeping. Take notice of any similarities or differences between those experiences. Read more about open coding here. Reflect on your analytical thoughts and write them down in the form of memos. The act of writing memos can be a great way to reflect on any contradictions you find in the data. Your memos may eventually turn into the building blocks for your theory.
Learn more about analytical memos here. As you make comparisons between excerpts of data, look for sets of excerpts that represent the same central idea or concept, and group them together.
Codes are like tags or labels that are assigned to excerpts of text. As you gradually develop a list of codes that bring together sets of excerpts, you should also begin to also compare codes with other codes. In qualitative data analysis software, this hierarchy would look like this:. Remember, grounded theory is a cyclical process!
Even after you have created lists of codes, and grouped codes into categories, you should continue to analyze additional interview transcripts, and compare the new excerpts to your existing codes categories. Read more about constant comparative method here. As you make comparisons between your new excerpts to your codes and categories, your excerpts will generally do one of three things: contradict, expand upon, or support your existing codes and categories.
Contradiction: If your new excerpt contradicts a code, this may be a sign that you need to adjust that code or change it. It likely also means that you need to go back to step 2 and conduct more rounds of data collection through theoretical sampling to help explain the contradiction.
Read more about how to handle contradictions in our article on negative case analysis. Expansion: If your new excerpt expands upon your code, either by adding more description or explaining more facets of your code, this is a good sign that you are continuing to learn more and it means that you should continue to collect and analyze data until your new excerpts simply support your codes rather than expand upon them.
Support: If your new excerpt generally supports your code without adding additional information, this means that you may have reached theoretical saturation, which is the point at which more excerpts do not contribute any additional insight into your codes and you can move onto a later stage of your research.
With grounded theory, your goal is not to code or keep track of everything that occurs in every excerpt. However, if you come across an excerpt where a person did not [ react negatively to the pandemic with anxiety], this may open the doors to expanding upon or changing your category. With these iterative steps, when do you know that you have analyzed enough?
How do you know when you should stop recruiting or analyzing additional data? With grounded theory, you want to continue until you reach the point where additional transcript excerpts do not expand upon your codes and categories. The excerpts you have collected so far address all relevant aspects of your codes and categories and there is no need to pursue further data collection or analysis for your particular codes and categories. Once you feel you have reached theoretical saturation in your codes and categories so far, it is time to pull your findings together with selective coding.
As the categories emerge, pull together all the data from those categories and compare them. Use the relations among categories to build theorectical models, constantly checking the models against data, especially against negative cases. Present the results of the analysis using quotes from the interviews that illuminate the theory exemplars.
Bernard, H. Russell Figure 5. See all library locations. Grounded Theory. Zur sozialtheoretischen und epistemologischen Fundierung eines pragmatistischen Forschungsstils UK link. What is Grounded Theory? Grounded theory is: How do you do grounded theory?
Is it for me? Grounded theory is: a research method that will enable you to: develop a theory which offers an explanation about the main concern of the population of your substantive area and how that concern is resolved or processed.
Grounded Theory is simply the discovery of emerging patterns in data. Grounded Theory is the generation of theories from data. Glaser in Walsh, Holton et al Grounded theory is a general research method and thus is not owned by any one school or discipline ; which guides you on matters of data collection and details rigorous procedures for data analysis.
A Grounded theory is the study of a concept the core category. Grounded theory is therefore also an exploratory method. As such it requires its own research design. Helen Scott PhD 1 November, How do you do grounded theory? The methodological stages are: 1. Identify your substantive area This is your area of interest. Collect data pertaining to the substantive area A grounded theory may use qualitative data, quantitative data e. Open code your data as you collect it. Conduct selective coding and theoretical sampling; Now that the core category and main concern are recognised; open coding stops and selective coding — coding only for the core category and related categories — begins.
When your categories are saturated: 6. Sort your memos to find the theoretical code s which best organise your substantive codes. When you feel that your theory is well formed… 7.
Read the literature and integrate with your theory through selective coding 8. Write up your theory. Job done! Helen Scott PhD 1 November, Footnotes 1 These are just two examples of where Glaser discusses open coding … there are others, these are offered as a guide.
Which grounded theory? Dr Antoinette McCallin Grounded theory is the most popular research method used by qualitative researchers in the social sciences. Where do you begin? References Artinian, B. Grounded Theory Troubleshooting Seminar.
We suggest you read this book in a relaxed way for an introduction to the ideas underpinning grounded theory. Bear in mind that the way that Glaser uses some of the terms changes over the next 50 years as he develops his explication of the method. I notice there is now also a Kindle version.
Relate what you read to your study and read and re-read relevant chapters as you progress your study. Keep it close: it has the potential to become your 'constant companion' for the duration! This book is really useful and whilst written before 'Doing GT', we suggest that it is best read after reading 'Doing GT', when you are more familiar with the method and more comfortable with the nomenclature not jargon : Theoretical codes bring light and shape to your theory. Be reassured that it will all make sense by the time you've finished your study; GT is an experiential method - you have to do it, to understand it!
And of course, we are here to help along the way. Please note that in order to help fund this site, we have become a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon. Grounded theory is the discovery of theory from data systematically obtained from social research. Grounded Theory Analysis with MAXQDA In grounded theory-based analysis, the researcher generally analyzes the data as follows: finding repeating themes by thoroughly reviewing the data; coding the emergent themes with keywords and phrases; grouping the codes into concepts hierarchically; and then categorizing the concepts through relationship identification.
In this stage, the researcher works closely with the data, trying to name specific lines or segments of the data by creating new codes. It is important to keep an open mind so that you avoid limiting the number of codes. The core codes will be refined during subsequent analysis phases. In these later stages of coding, the researcher focuses their coding to define the most significant higher-level codes and sort the lower-level codes created during the initial coding phase.
You can also expand or close the sub-categories by clicking the arrow icon next to the code, as shown below: Easily customize your code tree with MAXQDA. Step 3: Category Building with Creative Coding In grounded theory analysis, categories are created by grouping together similar concepts in the second half of the selective coding phase or third phase of coding, as is described by some experts. You will see the following workspace on the screen: Selecting Codes for Creative Coding. Step 4: Constructing the Theory with MAXMaps After the selective coding phase, the theoretical links between the categories will have become clearer.
For example, if you are interested in examining the connections within a specific category, you can use a Code Theory Model to display the connections between a code, its subcodes, and memos, as is shown here: Code Theory model with integration of subcodes on two levels. Tip: The Importance of Memos Memos are a core component of grounded theory analysis. When coding, it is important to critically analyze the progress as you go , and it is best to write these thoughts down.
Memos are the place where the researcher can keep track of their ideas in an informal way, as well as formally keep track of the reasoning behind the steps they are taking as their research progresses.
Furthermore, and possibly most importantly, new ideas and insights might develop organically through the process of writing memos. Overview of Memos With so many different options and types of memos available in MAXQDA, you might find it helpful to have an overview of all your memo work and information.
Literature Cited Charmaz, K. Glaser, B. Kolb, Sharon M. Montgomery, P. Schreiber, R.
0コメント